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Simplified Usage List of Particles -up to Day 30

Simplified Usage List of Particles (up to Day 30)

Particles with nouns similar to English prepositions

Particle

Usage + Example

ใ‹ใ‚™ (ga)

subjects in topic-less sentences (Day 10) - ใ“ใฎใกใ‹ใใซ ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‹ใ‚™ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚


objects with adjectival and some exceptional verbs (Day 11) - ใƒชใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใพใ‚“ใ—ใ‚™ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚™ ใ™ใใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

so-called ใฏใ‹ใ‚™ constructions (Day 15) - ใซใปใ‚“ใฏ ใตใ‚™ใฃใ‹ใ‹ใ‚™ ใŸใ‹ใ„ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใญใ€‚

ใ‚’ (o)

objects with transitive verbs (Day 4) - ใƒใ‚šใƒณใจ ใŸใพใ“ใ‚™ใ‚’ ใŸใธใ‚™ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใซ (ni)

indicating a place in existential sentences (Day 10) - ใ“ใฎใกใ‹ใใซ ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‹ใ‚™ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

time (Day 5) - ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ 12ใ—ใ‚™ใซ ใญใพใ™ใ€‚

recipient (Day 13) - ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ 12ใ—ใ‚™ใซ ใญใพใ™ใ€‚ 

source with verbs whose meaning is to receive (Day 14) - ใจใ‚‚ใŸใ‚™ใกใซ ใ“ใฎใƒ˜ใ‚šใƒณใ‚’ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ 

purpose (Day 20) - ใƒ†ใ‚™ใƒใ‚šใƒผใƒˆใธ ใ‹ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ ใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚

expressing "per" (Day 26) - 1ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใซ 3ใ‹ใ„ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฆใ‚™ ใŸใธใ‚™ใพใ™ใ€‚

goal (Day 23) - ใ“ใ“ใซ ใ™ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

ใธ (e)

destination (Day 6) - ใŸใ‚™ใ‚Œใจ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใจใธ ใ„ใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

Use ofใ€Œใธใ€and ใ€Œใซใ€ to express destination 

 ใ€Œใธ ใ€ and ใ€Œใซใ€ are sometimes interchangeable, but oftenใ€Œใซใ€is the only correct particle to use, so ใ€Œใซใ€ will always be correct butใ€Œใธใ€ use is somewhat restricted. In this course we useใ€Œใธใ€whenever it is possible to indicate both are possible, we use ใ€Œใซใ€ whenever it is the only particle that should be used.

ใ€Œใธใ€ roughly corresponds to "towards", which means it is much less common or impossible to use when the movement of the subject or object noun to the destination is momentary such as ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใ™ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€or the completion of the movement is strongly presupposed such as ใ€Œใฎใปใ‚™ใ‚Šใพใ™/ใŠใใพ ใ™("to put")

ใฆใ‚™(de)

place where actions occur (Day 4) - ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ใฆใ‚™ ใ—ใ‚…ใใŸใ‚™ใ„ใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

means (Day 6, 13) - ใ—ใ‚™ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒใฆใ‚™ ใ‹ใ‚™ใฃใ“ใ†ใธ ใใพใ™ใ€‚

expressing "in some language" (Day 13) - ใซใปใ‚“ใ“ใ‚™ใฆใ‚™ ใชใ‚“ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

ใจ(to)

person with whom subject noun does some action (Day 6) - ใจใ‚‚ใŸใ‚™ใกใจ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใจใธ ใ„ใใพใ™

ใ‹ใ‚‰(kara)

starting point (Day 5,17) - (ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ) 1ใ—ใ‚™ใ‹ใ‚‰ 3ใ—ใ‚™ใพใฆใ‚™ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ€‚

ใพใฆใ‚™(made)

ending point (Day 5,17) - (ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ) 1ใ—ใ‚™ใ‹ใ‚‰ 3ใ—ใ‚™ใพใฆใ‚™ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ€‚

ใฎ (no)

N1 ใฎ N2, roughly corresponding to English 'of'. But the word order is opposite to English, that is, ใ€ŒN1 ใฎN2ใ€ is 'N2 of N1' (Day 1,2) - ใจใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†ใฎ ใ‚ใ›ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚™, ใจใ‚Šใซใใฎ ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š

ใฎ (no)

placed after nouns or predicates and functioning as a noun phrase (Day 2)  - ใ“ใฎใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡ใฏ ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ€‚

 ใฏ is used as a topic marker (Day 1) ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒŠใ•ใ‚“ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ€‚

Not only subjects but other elements can appear as a topic. In this example, the object is used as a topic, with ใฏ instead of ใ‚’ (Day 25) - ใใฎใ—ใ‚‡ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€€ใ„ใ‚Šใใกใซใ€€ใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚



C - Particles for coordination and addition

ใจ(to)

roughly 'and' (forming an exhaustive list) (Day 4) - ใƒใ‚šใƒณใจ ใŸใพใ“ใ‚™ใ‚’ ใŸใธใ‚™ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใ‚„(ya)

indicating two or more examples (Day 10) - ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ’ใ‚™ใƒ‹ใ‚„ ใ‚นใƒผใƒใ‚šใƒผใ‹ใ‚™ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚

ใจใ‹(toka)

indicating one or more examples (Day 23) - ใ‹ใใ”ใŠใ‚Šใจใ‹ใ€€ใ‚ใŸใ‚ใ‚ใจใ‹ใ‚’ใ€€ใŸในใŸใ„ใงใ™

There are several important differences between ใ€Œใ‚„ใ€ and ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€:

1) ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€ is a little bit more casual so it is more common to use except for informal conversations

2) ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€andใ€Œใ‚„ใ€can be used more than once in a sentence. While when usingใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€, you must use ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€after each noun in the sentence, only one use ofใ€Œใ‚„ใ€is necessary and the others can be omitted. One more difference is that while ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€can be used only with one noun, ใ€Œใ‚„ใ€requires at least two nouns.

 3) ใ€Œใ‚„ใ€ can be used with ใ€Œใชใจใ‚™ใ€("and so on") placed after the final noun like ใ€ŒAใ‚„Bใชใจใ‚™ใ€, while ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€ cannot, as ใ€Œใจใ‹ใ€ is a more direct expression for indicating examples, while ใ€Œใ‚„ใ€ implies other choices.

ใ‚‚(mo)

too, also (Day 1) - ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ ใ‚ใ›ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚™ ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹ใ€‚

not any (with interrogative words) (Day 4) - ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใชใซใ‚‚ ใŸใธใ‚™ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚

D - Particles placed after predicates and functioning like English conjunctions

ใ‹ใ‚™(ga)

but or while (expressing contrast) (Day 8) - ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ ใ‚€ใ™ใ‚™ใ‹ใ—ใ„ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹ใ‚™ใ€ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ€‚

ใ‹ใ‚‰(kara)

causal (like since or because) (Day 12) -ใŸใ‚™ใ„ใ‹ใ‚™ใใ›ใ„ใฎใจใ ใธใ‚™ใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ™ใ“ใ— ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

ใ‹ใ‚‰(kara)

after (with Vใฆ) (Day 29) - ใ‹ใ„ใใ‚™ใฎ ใ—ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ ใคใใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

Particles placed at the sentence-final positions

ใ‹(ka)

interrogation marker (Day 1) - ใ›ใ‚“ใ‚‚ใ‚“ใฏ ใชใ‚“ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใ‹

ใญ(ne)

indicates that the speaker thinks that the information can be shared with the listener and the listener may share the same opinion/feeling (Day 9) - ใŠใŠใใ„ ใ‹ใ‚™ใฃใ“ใ† ใฆใ‚™ใ™ใญ

used to confirm what the other speaker said (Day 10) - ใ—ใ‚™ใจใ‚™ใ†ใฏใ‚“ใฏใ‚™ใ„ใใฎ ใจใชใ‚Šใฆใ‚™ใ™ใญ

ใ‚ˆ(yo)

expressing a speaker's feeling that what he/she is saying is new information to the hearer (Day 10) - ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ’ใ‚™ใƒ‹ใ‚„ ใ‚นใƒผใƒใ‚šใƒผใ‹ใ‚™ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚

Very Important Notice

In casual or colloquial style Japanese, the particles ใ‹ใ‚™, ใ‚’, ใธ, and some usage of ใซ (place, purpose, and goal in this table) are omitted, while in written language except informal e-mails or SNS messages, omission never occurs. These omissions occur frequently, especially immediately before predicates. The omission of ใฏ also happens but less frequent than the other listed type particles in the section called"Particles with nouns similar to English prepositions"

In order for you to get used to particles during our course, we typically don’t omit actually omissible particles. However, occasionally show examples where particles are omitted, we apologize for this slight inconsistency.

You can download this cheat sheet here 

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