Simplified Usage List of Particles -up to Day 30
Simplified Usage List of Particles (up to Day 30)
Particles with nouns similar to English prepositions | |||
Particle | Usage + Example | ||
ใใ (ga) | subjects in topic-less sentences (Day 10) - ใใฎใกใใใซ ใฌในใใฉใณใใ ใใใพใใใ
so-called ใฏใใ constructions (Day 15) - ใซใปใใฏ ใตใใฃใใใ ใใใใฆใใใญใ | ||
ใ (o) | objects with transitive verbs (Day 4) - ใใใณใจ ใใพใใใ ใใธใใพใใ | ||
ใซ (ni) | indicating a place in existential sentences (Day 10) - ใใฎใกใใใซ ใฌในใใฉใณใใ ใใใพใใใ time (Day 5) - ใใใใฏ 12ใใใซ ใญใพใใ recipient (Day 13) - ใใใใฏ 12ใใใซ ใญใพใใ source with verbs whose meaning is to receive (Day 14) - ใจใใใใกใซ ใใฎใใใณใ ใใใใพใใใ purpose (Day 20) - ใใใใใผใใธ ใใใใฎใซ ใใใพใใ expressing "per" (Day 26) - 1ใใ ใใใใซ 3ใใ ใใฎใฌในใใฉใณใฆใ ใใธใใพใใ goal (Day 23) - ใใใซ ใใใฃใฆใ ใใใฆใใใใ | ||
ใธ (e) | destination (Day 6) - ใใใใจ ใใใใจใธ ใใใพใใใ | ||
Use ofใใธใand ใใซใ to express destination ใใธ ใ and ใใซใ are sometimes interchangeable, but oftenใใซใis the only correct particle to use, so ใใซใ will always be correct butใใธใ use is somewhat restricted. In this course we useใใธใwhenever it is possible to indicate both are possible, we use ใใซใ whenever it is the only particle that should be used. | |||
ใฆใ(de) | place where actions occur (Day 4) - ใจใใใใใฆใ ใใ
ใใใใใ ใใพใใ means (Day 6, 13) - ใใใฆใใใใฆใ ใใใฃใใใธ ใใพใใ | ||
ใจ(to) | person with whom subject noun does some action (Day 6) - ใจใใใใกใจ ใใใใจใธ ใใใพใ | ||
ใใ(kara) | starting point (Day 5,17) - (ใในใใฏ) 1ใใใใ 3ใใใพใฆใใฆใใใ | ||
ใพใฆใ(made) | ending point (Day 5,17) - (ใในใใฏ) 1ใใใใ 3ใใใพใฆใใฆใใใ | ||
| ใฎ (no) | N1 ใฎ N2, roughly corresponding to English 'of'. But the word order is opposite to English, that is, ใN1 ใฎN2ใ is 'N2 of N1' (Day 1,2) - ใจใใใใใฎ ใใใใใ, ใจใใซใใฎ ใใใใ | ||
| ใฎ (no) | placed after nouns or predicates and functioning as a noun phrase (Day 2) - ใใฎใใใใใใใฏ ใใใใฎใฆใใใ | ||
ใฏ is used as a topic marker (Day 1) ใใกใใฏ ใขใณใใใใฆใใใ | |||
Not only subjects but other elements can appear as a topic. In this example, the object is used as a topic, with ใฏ instead of ใ (Day 25) - ใใฎใใใใใฏใใใใใกใซใใใใฆใใ ใใใ | |||
C - Particles for coordination and addition | |||
ใจ(to) | roughly 'and' (forming an exhaustive list) (Day 4) - ใใใณใจ ใใพใใใ ใใธใใพใใ | ||
ใ(ya) | indicating two or more examples (Day 10) - ใณใณใใใใ ในใผใใใผใใ ใใใพใใใ | ||
ใจใ(toka) | indicating one or more examples (Day 23) - ใใใใใใจใใใใใใใจใใใใในใใใงใ | ||
There are several important differences between ใใใ and ใใจใใ: 1) ใใจใใ is a little bit more casual so it is more common to use except for informal conversations 2) ใใจใใandใใใcan be used more than once in a sentence. While when usingใใจใใ, you must use ใใจใใafter each noun in the sentence, only one use ofใใใis necessary and the others can be omitted. One more difference is that while ใใจใใcan be used only with one noun, ใใใrequires at least two nouns. 3) ใใใ can be used with ใใชใจใใ("and so on") placed after the final noun like ใAใBใชใจใใ, while ใใจใใ cannot, as ใใจใใ is a more direct expression for indicating examples, while ใใใ implies other choices. | |||
ใ(mo) | too, also (Day 1) - ใใใ ใใใใใ ใฆใใใใ | ||
not any (with interrogative words) (Day 4) - ใใใใฏ ใชใซใ ใใธใใพใใใ | |||
D - Particles placed after predicates and functioning like English conjunctions | |||
ใใ(ga) | but or while (expressing contrast) (Day 8) - ใกใใฃใจ ใใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใใใใฆใใใ | ||
ใใ(kara) | causal (like since or because) (Day 12) -ใใใใใใใใใฎใจใ ใธใใใใใใใพใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใพใใ | ||
ใใ(kara) | after (with Vใฆ) (Day 29) - ใใใใใฎ ใใใใใ ใคใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใพใใ | ||
Particles placed at the sentence-final positions | |||
ใ(ka) | interrogation marker (Day 1) - ใใใใใฏ ใชใใฆใใใ | ||
ใญ(ne) | indicates that the speaker thinks that the information can be shared with the listener and the listener may share the same opinion/feeling (Day 9) - ใใใใ ใใใฃใใ ใฆใใใญ | ||
used to confirm what the other speaker said (Day 10) - ใใใจใใใฏใใฏใใใใฎ ใจใชใใฆใใใญ | |||
ใ(yo) | expressing a speaker's feeling that what he/she is saying is new information to the hearer (Day 10) - ใณใณใใใใ ในใผใใใผใใ ใใใพใใใ | ||
Very Important Notice
In casual or colloquial style Japanese, the particles ใใ, ใ, ใธ, and some usage of ใซ (place, purpose, and goal in this table) are omitted, while in written language except informal e-mails or SNS messages, omission never occurs. These omissions occur frequently, especially immediately before predicates. The omission of ใฏ also happens but less frequent than the other listed type particles in the section called"Particles with nouns similar to English prepositions"
In order for you to get used to particles during our course, we typically don’t omit actually omissible particles. However, occasionally show examples where particles are omitted, we apologize for this slight inconsistency.
You can download this cheat sheet here